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15:4715:47, 19 December 2025 Change (hist | edit) [4,096 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Change | type = Metaphysical concept | field = Metaphysics | core_idea = Difference in the properties or states of an entity across time | assumptions = Entities can vary over time; variation is intelligible | status = Foundational concept | related = Persistence; Identity; Time; Accidental properties }} '''Change''' is a metaphysical concept concerned with how entities differ across time. To say that something changes is to say that it has d...")
15:4615:46, 19 December 2025 Persistence (hist | edit) [3,857 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Persistence | type = Metaphysical problem | field = Metaphysics | core_idea = Conditions under which an entity continues to exist over time | assumptions = Entities endure change; identity across time requires criteria | status = Contested | related = Identity; Change; Essence; Time }} '''Persistence''' is a metaphysical concept concerned with how entities continue to exist through time despite undergoing change. To ask about persistence is t...")
15:4315:43, 19 December 2025 Modal knowledge (hist | edit) [4,101 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Modal knowledge | type = Epistemic problem | field = Epistemology; Metaphysics | core_idea = Knowledge of what is possible, necessary, or contingent | assumptions = Modal facts are knowable; modal reasoning can be epistemically assessed | status = Contested | related = Modality; Necessity; Possibility; Counterfactuals }} '''Modal knowledge''' concerns how agents can know facts about possibility, necessity, and contingency. Unlike ordinary emp...")
15:4215:42, 19 December 2025 Essence (hist | edit) [4,045 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Essence | type = Metaphysical concept | field = Metaphysics | core_idea = What makes an entity what it is, as opposed to what it merely happens to be | assumptions = Identity depends on non-accidental features; some properties ground what an entity is | status = Foundational but contested | related = Essentialism; Identity; Necessity; Accidental properties }} '''Essence''' is a metaphysical concept referring to what makes an entity the kind o...")
15:4115:41, 19 December 2025 Accidental properties (hist | edit) [4,053 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Accidental properties | type = Metaphysical concept | field = Metaphysics | core_idea = Properties an entity has contingently rather than necessarily | assumptions = Entities can vary without losing identity; not all properties are essential | status = Foundational concept | related = Essentialism; Identity; Contingency; Modality }} '''Accidental properties''' are properties that an entity has contingently rather than necessarily. An accident...")
15:3915:39, 19 December 2025 Identity across possible worlds (hist | edit) [3,774 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Identity across possible worlds | type = Metaphysical problem | field = Metaphysics | core_idea = Question of how entities can be identified across alternative possible circumstances | assumptions = Identity conditions can extend beyond actuality; cross-world comparison is meaningful | status = Contested | related = Identity; Possible worlds; Essentialism; Modality }} '''Identity across possible worlds''' is a metaphysical problem concerning...")
15:3815:38, 19 December 2025 Essentialism (hist | edit) [4,170 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Essentialism | type = Metaphysical position | field = Metaphysics | core_idea = View that entities have properties that are essential to what they are | assumptions = Some properties are necessary to identity; not all properties are accidental | status = Contested | related = Necessity; Contingency; Identity; Modality }} '''Essentialism''' is a metaphysical position holding that entities possess certain properties that are essential to their...")
15:3615:36, 19 December 2025 Contingency (hist | edit) [3,912 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Contingency | type = Modal concept | field = Metaphysics; Logic | core_idea = Mode in which something is the case but could have been otherwise | assumptions = Not all facts are fixed across alternatives; variation is meaningful | status = Foundational concept | related = Modality; Possibility; Necessity; Possible worlds }} '''Contingency''' is a modal concept describing what is the case but need not have been the case. A contingent fact or s...")
15:3515:35, 19 December 2025 Necessity (hist | edit) [3,836 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Necessity | type = Modal concept | field = Metaphysics; Logic | core_idea = Mode in which a proposition or state of affairs must be the case | assumptions = Some facts could not have been otherwise; constraints can be identified | status = Foundational concept | related = Modality; Possibility; Possible worlds; Contingency }} '''Necessity''' is a modal concept describing what must be the case and could not have been otherwise. To say that som...")
15:3415:34, 19 December 2025 Possibility (hist | edit) [4,155 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Modality | type = Metaphysical and logical concept | field = Metaphysics; Logic | core_idea = Concern with possibility, necessity, and related modes of being or truth | assumptions = Not all truths are the same in kind; alternatives to actuality are meaningful | status = Foundational concept | related = Possible worlds; Necessity; Possibility; Counterfactuals }} '''Modality''' is a philosophical concept concerned with modes in which statement...")
15:3315:33, 19 December 2025 Modality (hist | edit) [4,155 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Modality | type = Metaphysical and logical concept | field = Metaphysics; Logic | core_idea = Concern with possibility, necessity, and related modes of being or truth | assumptions = Not all truths are the same in kind; alternatives to actuality are meaningful | status = Foundational concept | related = Possible worlds; Necessity; Possibility; Counterfactuals }} '''Modality''' is a philosophical concept concerned with modes in which statement...")
15:3215:32, 19 December 2025 Possible worlds (hist | edit) [4,191 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Possible worlds | type = Metaphysical and semantic framework | field = Metaphysics; Logic; Philosophy of language | core_idea = Framework for representing alternative ways reality could have been | assumptions = Modal claims can be systematically represented; alternatives can be meaningfully compared | status = Established but contested | related = Counterfactuals; Modality; Necessity; Possibility }} '''Possible worlds''' is a theoretical fra...")
15:3115:31, 19 December 2025 Counterfactuals (hist | edit) [4,388 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Counterfactuals | type = Logical and philosophical concept | field = Metaphysics; Philosophy of science; Logic | core_idea = Claims about what would be the case if circumstances had been different | assumptions = Alternative possibilities can be meaningfully compared; dependency relations can be evaluated | status = Established but contested | related = Causation; Explanation; Possible worlds; Determinism }} '''Counterfactuals''' are statemen...")
15:3115:31, 19 December 2025 Scientific explanation (hist | edit) [4,533 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Scientific explanation | type = Explanatory practice | field = Philosophy of science | core_idea = Account that explains phenomena using scientific theories, models, and evidence | assumptions = Phenomena are law-governed or structured; explanation can increase understanding | status = Established but contested | related = Explanation; Theory; Model; Causation }} '''Scientific explanation''' is a form of explanation that accounts for phenomen...")
15:3015:30, 19 December 2025 Model (hist | edit) [4,312 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Model | type = Representational tool | field = Philosophy of science; Epistemology | core_idea = Simplified representation used to understand, explain, or predict aspects of a system | assumptions = Relevant features can be isolated; simplification can aid understanding | status = Foundational concept | related = Theory; Explanation; Scientific realism; Instrumentalism }} '''Model''' is a concept referring to a simplified representation of a...")
15:2915:29, 19 December 2025 Theory (hist | edit) [4,148 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Theory | type = Conceptual and explanatory framework | field = Philosophy of science; Epistemology | core_idea = Structured system of principles used to explain, predict, or organize phenomena | assumptions = Phenomena exhibit patterns; structured accounts can capture relevant relations | status = Foundational concept | related = Model; Explanation; Scientific realism; Instrumentalism }} '''Theory''' is a structured system of principles, conc...")
15:2815:28, 19 December 2025 Instrumentalism (hist | edit) [4,546 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Instrumentalism | type = Philosophical position | field = Philosophy of science; Epistemology | core_idea = View that scientific theories function as tools for prediction and control rather than descriptions of reality | assumptions = Predictive success does not require ontological commitment; usefulness can be separated from truth | status = Contested | related = Anti-realism; Scientific realism; Theory; Explanation }} '''Instrumentalism'''...")
15:2715:27, 19 December 2025 Anti-realism (hist | edit) [4,775 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Anti-realism | type = Philosophical position | field = Philosophy of science; Metaphysics; Epistemology | core_idea = View that scientific theories need not be taken as literally true descriptions of reality | assumptions = Empirical success does not guarantee ontological truth; representation may outpace knowledge | status = Contested | related = Scientific realism; Instrumentalism; Truth; Underdetermination }} '''Anti-realism''' is a family...")
15:2715:27, 19 December 2025 Scientific realism (hist | edit) [4,800 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Scientific realism | type = Philosophical position | field = Philosophy of science; Metaphysics | core_idea = View that successful scientific theories describe, at least approximately, how the world is | assumptions = Science aims at truth; theoretical entities may correspond to real features of the world | status = Contested | related = Philosophy of science; Truth; Explanation; Anti-realism }} '''Scientific realism''' is a philosophical pos...")
15:2615:26, 19 December 2025 Philosophy of science (hist | edit) [4,523 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Philosophy of science | type = Philosophical discipline | field = Philosophy | core_idea = Analysis of the methods, assumptions, and limits of scientific inquiry | assumptions = Science operates with methods and standards that can be examined; scientific claims are open to evaluation | status = Established field | related = Epistemology; Inquiry; Explanation; Scientific realism }} '''Philosophy of science''' is a branch of philosophy concerne...")
15:2515:25, 19 December 2025 Inquiry (hist | edit) [4,495 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Inquiry | type = Epistemic process | field = Epistemology; Philosophy of science | core_idea = Structured activity aimed at resolving questions or reducing uncertainty | assumptions = Questions can be meaningfully investigated; evidence can bear on answers | status = Foundational concept | related = Doubt; Evidence; Explanation; Knowledge }} '''Inquiry''' is the process through which questions are investigated, uncertainty is reduced, and und...")
15:2415:24, 19 December 2025 Probability (hist | edit) [4,497 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Probability | type = Mathematical and epistemic concept | field = Probability theory; Epistemology; Statistics | core_idea = Measure of uncertainty or likelihood assigned to events or propositions | assumptions = Uncertainty can be represented numerically; comparative likelihoods can be evaluated | status = Established concept | related = Uncertainty; Statistics; Inference; Chance }} '''Probability''' is a concept used to represent uncertaint...")
15:2315:23, 19 December 2025 Uncertainty (hist | edit) [4,518 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Uncertainty | type = Epistemic and probabilistic concept | field = Epistemology; Probability theory; Philosophy of science | core_idea = Lack of full determination regarding truth, outcome, or state of affairs | assumptions = Information is limited or imperfect; confidence can vary by degree | status = Foundational concept | related = Doubt; Probability; Inference; Risk }} '''Uncertainty''' is a condition in which the truth of a claim, the ou...")
15:2215:22, 19 December 2025 Doubt (hist | edit) [3,536 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Doubt | type = Epistemic attitude | field = Epistemology; Philosophy of mind | core_idea = Suspension or weakening of commitment to a belief or claim | assumptions = Beliefs admit of revision; confidence can vary | status = Foundational concept | related = Skepticism; Belief; Uncertainty; Inquiry }} '''Doubt''' is an epistemic attitude involving the suspension, weakening, or withholding of commitment to a belief or claim. To doubt something i...")
15:2215:22, 19 December 2025 Skepticism (hist | edit) [4,084 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Skepticism | type = Epistemic position | field = Epistemology | core_idea = Attitude or position that questions whether knowledge claims can be adequately justified | assumptions = Error is possible; justification may be limited or fallible | status = Ongoing debate | related = Knowledge; Justification; Truth; Doubt }} '''Skepticism''' is an epistemic position that questions whether, and to what extent, knowledge claims can be adequately just...")
15:2115:21, 19 December 2025 Truth (hist | edit) [4,290 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Truth | type = Epistemic and metaphysical concept | field = Epistemology; Metaphysics | core_idea = Property of propositions that correctly represent how things are | assumptions = Reality is structured; representations can succeed or fail | status = Foundational concept | related = Belief; Knowledge; Justification; Correspondence }} '''Truth''' is an epistemic and metaphysical concept concerned with the correctness of propositions, statement...")
15:2015:20, 19 December 2025 Evidence (hist | edit) [4,436 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Evidence | type = Epistemic concept | field = Epistemology; Philosophy of science | core_idea = Information that supports or undermines beliefs, hypotheses, or claims | assumptions = Information can bear on truth; support relations can be evaluated | status = Foundational concept | related = Justification; Belief; Knowledge; Inference }} '''Evidence''' is an epistemic concept referring to information that supports, weakens, or bears on belief...")
15:2015:20, 19 December 2025 Justification (hist | edit) [4,367 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Justification | type = Epistemic concept | field = Epistemology | core_idea = What makes a belief epistemically acceptable or warranted | assumptions = Beliefs can be supported by reasons; epistemic support can be evaluated | status = Contested | related = Belief; Knowledge; Reason; Evidence }} '''Justification''' is an epistemic concept concerned with what makes a belief acceptable, warranted, or reasonable to hold. To say that a belief is j...")
15:1915:19, 19 December 2025 Belief (hist | edit) [4,037 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Belief | type = Epistemic and psychological state | field = Epistemology; Philosophy of mind | core_idea = Attitude of taking a proposition to be true | assumptions = Agents can represent propositions; mental states can be evaluated for accuracy | status = Foundational concept | related = Knowledge; Justification; Truth; Reason }} '''Belief''' is an epistemic and psychological state in which an agent takes a proposition to be true. To believe...")
15:1715:17, 19 December 2025 Knowledge (hist | edit) [4,643 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Knowledge | type = Epistemic concept | field = Epistemology | core_idea = State of having beliefs that are appropriately connected to how things are | assumptions = Truth can be distinguished from error; beliefs can be evaluated for epistemic adequacy | status = Contested | related = Epistemology; Belief; Justification; Understanding }} '''Knowledge''' is an epistemic concept concerned with what it means to know something, as opposed to merel...")
15:0215:02, 19 December 2025 Understanding (hist | edit) [4,304 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Understanding | type = Epistemic concept | field = Epistemology; Philosophy of science | core_idea = Cognitive grasp of relations that make a phenomenon intelligible | assumptions = Phenomena can be cognitively grasped; intelligibility can be distinguished from mere information | status = Conceptual | related = Explanation; Knowledge; Inference; Understanding why }} '''Understanding''' is an epistemic concept referring to a cognitive grasp of...")
15:0115:01, 19 December 2025 Explanation (hist | edit) [4,260 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Explanation | type = Philosophical and scientific concept | field = Philosophy of science; Epistemology | core_idea = Account that clarifies why or how a phenomenon occurs | assumptions = Phenomena can be rendered intelligible; relations of dependence can be articulated | status = Established concept | related = Causation; Understanding; Scientific explanation; Inference }} '''Explanation''' is a philosophical and scientific concept referring...")
15:0115:01, 19 December 2025 Causation (hist | edit) [4,632 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Causation | type = Metaphysical concept | field = Metaphysics; Philosophy of science | core_idea = Relation by which one event brings about, produces, or makes a difference to another | assumptions = Events can stand in dependency relations; explanatory connections can be distinguished from mere correlation | status = Contested | related = Determinism; Explanation; Laws of nature; Counterfactuals }} '''Causation''' is a philosophical concept...")
15:0015:00, 19 December 2025 Determinism (hist | edit) [4,384 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Determinism | type = Metaphysical thesis | field = Metaphysics; Philosophy of science | core_idea = All events are fixed by prior states of the world together with governing laws | assumptions = Events occur in accordance with laws; prior conditions constrain future outcomes | status = Contested | related = Free will; Causation; Laws of nature; Indeterminism }} '''Determinism''' is a metaphysical thesis holding that all events, including huma...")
14:5914:59, 19 December 2025 Free will (hist | edit) [4,312 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Free will | type = Philosophical problem | field = Metaphysics; Philosophy of action; Ethics | core_idea = Capacity of agents to act in a way that is genuinely up to them | assumptions = Agents exercise control over actions; alternative possibilities or relevant forms of control matter | status = Contested | related = Responsibility; Agency; Determinism; Autonomy }} '''Free will''' is a philosophical problem concerned with whether and in what...")
14:5814:58, 19 December 2025 Responsibility (hist | edit) [4,472 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Responsibility | type = Normative and philosophical concept | field = Ethics; Philosophy of action; Moral philosophy | core_idea = Attribution of accountability for actions, outcomes, or states of affairs | assumptions = Agents can act; actions can be evaluated; accountability can be meaningfully assigned | status = Established concept | related = Agency; Action; Intention; Free will }} '''Responsibility''' is a philosophical and normative co...")
14:5814:58, 19 December 2025 Reason (hist | edit) [4,132 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Reason | type = Philosophical concept | field = Epistemology; Philosophy of action | core_idea = Consideration that counts in favor of a belief, action, or intention | assumptions = Considerations can justify or motivate; agents can respond to reasons | status = Foundational concept | related = Reasoning; Intention; Action; Rationality }} '''Reason''' is a philosophical concept referring to a consideration that counts in favor of a belief, ac...")
14:5714:57, 19 December 2025 Intention (hist | edit) [3,793 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Intention | type = Philosophical concept | field = Philosophy of action; Philosophy of mind | core_idea = Mental state that directs and organizes action toward a goal | assumptions = Agents can form plans; mental states can guide behavior over time | status = Established concept | related = Action; Agency; Reason; Planning }} '''Intention''' is a philosophical concept referring to a mental state that directs, guides, or organizes action towar...")
14:5614:56, 19 December 2025 Agency (hist | edit) [4,300 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Agency | type = Philosophical concept | field = Philosophy of action; Metaphysics; Epistemology | core_idea = Capacity of an entity to initiate, control, and be responsible for actions | assumptions = Some entities can act rather than merely undergo events; actions can be attributed to agents | status = Established concept | related = Action; Intention; Responsibility; Free will }} '''Agency''' is a philosophical concept referring to the capa...")
14:5514:55, 19 December 2025 Action (hist | edit) [4,091 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Action | type = Philosophical concept | field = Philosophy of action; Epistemology | core_idea = Behavior attributable to an agent and explained in terms of reasons, intentions, or purposes | assumptions = Agents can initiate behavior; some behavior is reason-responsive | status = Established concept | related = Choice; Agency; Intention; Responsibility }} '''Action''' is a philosophical concept referring to behavior that is attributable to a...")
14:5414:54, 19 December 2025 Choice (hist | edit) [4,009 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Choice | type = Behavioral and analytical concept | field = Decision theory; Philosophy; Economics | core_idea = Selection of an option from a set of available alternatives | assumptions = Multiple alternatives are available; agents can select among them | status = Foundational concept | related = Preference; Decision theory; Rationality; Action }} '''Choice''' refers to the act or process of selecting one option from a set of available alter...")
14:5314:53, 19 December 2025 Preference (hist | edit) [3,964 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Preference | type = Foundational concept | field = Decision theory; Economics; Philosophy | core_idea = Ordering of options or outcomes according to relative desirability | assumptions = Agents can rank options; preferences can guide choice and evaluation | status = Established concept | related = Utility; Decision theory; Rationality; Choice }} '''Preference''' is a concept used to describe how an agent ranks options, outcomes, or states of...")
14:5314:53, 19 December 2025 Utility (hist | edit) [4,018 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Utility | type = Analytical concept | field = Decision theory; Economics; Philosophy | core_idea = Formal measure used to represent preferences over outcomes | assumptions = Preferences can be compared and represented numerically; relative desirability can be modeled | status = Established concept | related = Decision theory; Rationality; Preference; Expected utility }} '''Utility''' is an analytical concept used to represent the relative des...")
14:5214:52, 19 December 2025 Decision theory (hist | edit) [4,485 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Decision theory | type = Normative and analytical framework | field = Philosophy; Economics; Mathematics | core_idea = Formal analysis of how choices should be made given goals, preferences, and uncertainty | assumptions = Agents have preferences; options can be compared using decision criteria | status = Established framework | related = Rationality; Probability theory; Utility; Game theory }} '''Decision theory''' is a framework for analyzi...")
14:5114:51, 19 December 2025 Rationality (hist | edit) [4,004 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Rationality | type = Normative and descriptive concept | field = Epistemology; Philosophy of mind; Decision theory | core_idea = Conformity of beliefs, reasoning, or actions to appropriate norms or standards | assumptions = Norms of belief and action can be specified; conformity to norms can be evaluated | status = Foundational concept | related = Reasoning; Logic; Inference; Decision theory }} '''Rationality''' is a concept concerned with th...")
14:5014:50, 19 December 2025 Argument (hist | edit) [4,202 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Argument | type = Logical and epistemic structure | field = Logic; Epistemology | core_idea = Structured set of propositions intended to support a conclusion | assumptions = Propositions can stand in justificatory relations; support can be evaluated independently of persuasion | status = Foundational concept | related = Logic; Reasoning; Inference; Rationality }} '''Argument''' is a logical and epistemic structure consisting of one or more pr...")
14:5014:50, 19 December 2025 Logic (hist | edit) [3,564 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Logic | type = Formal and philosophical discipline | field = Philosophy; Mathematics | core_idea = Study of valid reasoning, inference, and formal structure of arguments | assumptions = Relations between propositions can be formally analyzed; validity can be distinguished from truth | status = Established field | related = Reasoning; Inference; Argument; Rationality }} '''Logic''' is a discipline concerned with the principles of valid reasoni...")
14:4914:49, 19 December 2025 Reasoning (hist | edit) [4,846 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Reasoning | type = Cognitive and epistemic process | field = Epistemology; Logic; Philosophy of mind | core_idea = Process of forming, evaluating, and revising beliefs or conclusions based on relations between propositions | assumptions = Beliefs can be connected by justificatory relations; reasoning processes can be evaluated for correctness or adequacy | status = Foundational concept | related = Inference; Logic; Rationality; Argument }} ''...")
14:4814:48, 19 December 2025 Inference (hist | edit) [4,172 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Inference | type = Epistemic and statistical process | field = Epistemology; Statistics; Philosophy of science | core_idea = Deriving conclusions from evidence, data, or premises under uncertainty | assumptions = Evidence can support conclusions; reasoning processes can be evaluated for validity and strength | status = Foundational concept | related = Epistemology; Statistics; Probability theory; Reasoning }} '''Inference''' is the process by...")
14:4714:47, 19 December 2025 Statistics (hist | edit) [4,018 bytes] Kauku (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox_concept | name = Statistics | type = Scientific and mathematical discipline | field = Mathematics; Data analysis | core_idea = Collection, analysis, interpretation, and communication of data under uncertainty | assumptions = Data can inform inference; uncertainty can be quantified and managed | status = Established field | related = Probability theory; Statistical learning; Inference; Uncertainty }} '''Statistics''' is a discipline concerned with the collecti...")

19 December 2025