Niels Bohr
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Niels Bohr | |
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| Born | 7 October 1885 |
| Died | 18 November 1962 |
| Nationality | Danish |
| Occupation | Physicist |
| Known for | Atomic structure; quantum theory; complementarity |
| Notable work | Bohr model of the atom; Copenhagen interpretation |
Niels Bohr (7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962) was a physicist whose work addressed atomic structure, quantum theory, and the interpretation of physical measurement. He examined how classical concepts apply, and fail to apply, at the atomic scale.
His work emphasized the limits of description and the role of experimental context in physical theory.
Early life and education
Bohr was born in Copenhagen, Denmark. He studied physics at the University of Copenhagen and completed doctoral work on the electron theory of metals.
He later conducted research in the United Kingdom, including work with Ernest Rutherford.
Atomic theory
Bohr proposed a model of the atom in which electrons occupy discrete energy levels. The model combined classical mechanics with early quantum postulates to account for atomic spectra.
While later superseded, the model played a role in early quantum theory.
Quantum theory
Bohr contributed to the development of quantum theory through analysis of atomic processes and radiation. He emphasized the discontinuous nature of atomic transitions and the role of quantization.
His work addressed conceptual difficulties arising from attempts to apply classical physics at small scales.
Complementarity
Bohr introduced the principle of complementarity, according to which certain physical properties, such as wave and particle descriptions, are mutually exclusive yet jointly necessary for a complete account of phenomena.
This principle concerned the conditions under which different experimental arrangements yield different descriptions.
Interpretation of quantum mechanics
Bohr was associated with what later came to be called the Copenhagen interpretation. He argued that quantum theory does not describe underlying reality independently of measurement but provides rules for relating experimental setups to observed outcomes.
His position emphasized language, classical description, and experimental practice.
Relationship to institutions
Bohr founded and directed the Institute for Theoretical Physics in Copenhagen, which became a center for research in quantum physics. He collaborated with physicists from across Europe and the United States.
During World War II, he relocated temporarily due to political circumstances.
Limits and uncertainty
Bohr’s interpretive views have been criticized for lack of formal precision. Critics dispute whether complementarity resolves or reframes foundational problems in quantum mechanics.
There is no consensus interpretation of his philosophical position.
Status
Niels Bohr is regarded as a central figure in the development of quantum physics. His work continues to be discussed in physics and the philosophy of science.