Hilary Putnam
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Hilary Putnam | |
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| Born | 31 July 1926 |
| Died | 13 March 2016 |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | Philosopher; mathematician |
| Known for | Philosophy of language; philosophy of mind; philosophy of science |
| Notable work | Reason, Truth and History; The Meaning of "Meaning" |
Hilary Putnam was a philosopher and mathematician whose work addressed language, mind, science, and logic. His positions changed substantially over time, including shifts on realism, meaning, and the relationship between philosophy and science.
His career is characterized by repeated revision of earlier views rather than adherence to a single doctrinal framework.
Early life and education
Putnam was born in Chicago, Illinois. He studied mathematics and philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania, Harvard University, and the University of California, Los Angeles.
His early work engaged with logic, computation, and the philosophy of mathematics.
Philosophy of language
Putnam examined theories of meaning and reference, arguing that meaning is not determined solely by mental states. In “The Meaning of ‘Meaning’,” he introduced arguments supporting semantic externalism.
These arguments challenged internalist accounts of meaning.
Philosophy of mind
Putnam contributed to debates on the nature of mental states, initially defending functionalism. He later rejected aspects of this position, questioning whether mental states can be fully characterized by functional roles.
His revisions reflected broader reassessment of computational models of mind.
Philosophy of science
Putnam addressed realism, theory change, and the interpretation of scientific theories. He proposed and later revised forms of realism, including positions he described as internal realism.
These views responded to perceived difficulties in both metaphysical realism and instrumentalism.
Changes in philosophical position
Putnam frequently revised his views across multiple areas of philosophy. He acknowledged inconsistencies between different stages of his work and treated philosophical inquiry as open-ended.
This pattern complicates attempts to summarize his position as a unified theory.
Relationship to institutions
Putnam held academic positions at several American universities, including Harvard University, where he taught for many years. He published extensively and participated in interdisciplinary discussion.
He did not form a distinct philosophical school.
Limits and uncertainty
Putnam’s shifting positions have generated debate regarding coherence and continuity. Some critics argue that his revisions undermine systematic claims, while others treat them as methodological commitments.
There is no consensus interpretation of his overall project.
Status
Hilary Putnam is regarded as a major figure in late twentieth-century analytic philosophy. His work continues to be discussed across philosophy of language, mind, and science.