John Locke
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John Locke | |
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| Born | 29 August 1632 |
| Died | 28 October 1704 |
| Nationality | English |
| Occupation | Philosopher; physician |
| Known for | Empiricism; political philosophy; theory of knowledge |
| Notable work | An Essay Concerning Human Understanding; Two Treatises of Government |
John Locke (1632–1704) was an English philosopher whose work had a lasting influence on epistemology, political theory, and liberal thought. He is commonly associated with empiricism and with arguments concerning natural rights, government, and individual liberty.
Locke’s ideas shaped Enlightenment philosophy and contributed to later developments in constitutional theory and democratic governance.
Early life and education
John Locke was born in Somerset, England. He studied at the University of Oxford, where he received training in classical studies, philosophy, and medicine.
His education exposed him to emerging scientific methods and debates about knowledge and authority.
Theory of knowledge
In An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Locke argued that the human mind begins as a blank slate, acquiring ideas through experience. He rejected the notion of innate ideas and emphasized observation and reflection as sources of knowledge.
This view became a foundational position in empiricist philosophy.
Political philosophy
Locke’s political writings addressed the nature of government, authority, and rights. In Two Treatises of Government, he argued that legitimate political power arises from the consent of the governed.
He defended natural rights to life, liberty, and property, and maintained that governments exist to protect these rights.
Religion and tolerance
Locke wrote extensively on religion and tolerance. He argued for religious freedom and opposed coercion in matters of belief, emphasizing the limits of political authority over conscience.
These views contributed to broader discussions of religious pluralism.
Later life
Locke held advisory and administrative roles and remained engaged in intellectual debate throughout his life. He spent his later years writing and revising his works.
He died in 1704.
Legacy
John Locke’s philosophy influenced later thinkers in Europe and North America. His ideas about knowledge, rights, and government played a significant role in shaping modern political and philosophical thought.
He is widely regarded as a central figure of the Enlightenment.