Charles Darwin
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Charles Darwin | |
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| Born | 12 February 1809 |
| Died | 19 April 1882 |
| Nationality | English |
| Occupation | Naturalist; biologist; geologist |
| Known for | Theory of evolution by natural selection |
| Notable work | On the Origin of Species; The Descent of Man |
Charles Darwin (1809–1882) was an English naturalist and biologist best known for developing the theory of evolution by natural selection. His work provided a unifying explanation for biological diversity and profoundly influenced the life sciences.
Darwin’s ideas transformed scientific understanding of the natural world and continue to shape biology, genetics, and evolutionary research.
Early life and education
Charles Darwin was born in England in 1809. He studied medicine briefly before shifting his focus to natural history. He later attended the University of Cambridge, where he developed interests in geology, botany, and zoology.
These studies prepared him for extensive observational work in the natural sciences.
Voyage of the Beagle
From 1831 to 1836, Darwin traveled aboard HMS *Beagle* as a naturalist. During the voyage, he collected specimens and made detailed observations of plants, animals, and geological formations.
Observations made during this journey, particularly in South America and the Galápagos Islands, played a key role in the development of his later theories.
Theory of evolution
Darwin proposed that species evolve over time through a process of natural selection, in which individuals with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.
This theory challenged prevailing views of species as fixed and unchanging.
Publication and reaction
In 1859, Darwin published *On the Origin of Species*, outlining his theory and supporting evidence. The work generated significant scientific discussion and public debate.
Over time, natural selection became widely accepted within the scientific community, though interpretations and refinements continued to evolve.
Later work
Darwin continued research on plants, animals, and human evolution. He published additional works addressing sexual selection, variation under domestication, and the expression of emotions.
He spent much of his later life conducting research and writing from his home in England.
Legacy
Charles Darwin’s work laid the foundation for modern evolutionary biology. His theory of evolution by natural selection remains a central organizing principle in the life sciences.
Darwin’s contributions extend beyond biology, influencing philosophy, anthropology, and broader discussions about humanity’s place in nature.